The Contributions Of The United States Of America

The United States of America, known for our various achievements and talents, due to the help of many different figures throughout our country. Though, most of our major accomplishments derive from women. Although, some people fail to realize that many accomplishments come from the African-American women, who are given the least amount of recognition despite their many contributions to society, ranging from minor and major actions. The most unrecognized influential women, are usually found in the STEM category, with their major contributions to some of our most well known and renowned institutions. Dr. Mae Jemison, who became very notable as the first African-American woman to pursue and fulfill her goal of being the first in her community to go into space. Jemison, who gained honors in various STEM subjects throughout high school, would then proceed to attend Stanford University to earn a bachelor s in African-American studies as well as achieving a degree in Chemical Engineering (1977). Jemison also succeeded in achieving a doctorate’s degree in medicine at Cornell University (1981). Many of her achievements would include being a member of the Peace Corps and serving for two consecutive years in Africa, specifically in the countries of Sierra Leone and Liberia. While being assigned in Sierra Leone and Liberia, Jemison would often complete tasks dedicated to teaching personal health training, applying safety and/or health guidelines, as well as taking roles inShow MoreRelatedEssay On How The Paris Agreement Without The Usa Impact On Indonesia889 Words   |  4 PagesTI TLE: Paris Agreement without the United States of America: Impact on Indonesia STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM: Paris Agreement as the successor of climate change agreement after Kyoto Protocol is a milestone of a significant coordination between developed and developing countries in anticipating the threat of climate change. 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Macbeth Macbeth a Tragic Hero - His Strengths, His...

Macbeth: Macbeth A Tragic Hero - His Strengths, His Weaknesses, His Tragic Flaw and the Effect of Outside Influences on His Nature The contributions of Macbeth towards his fate in becoming the tragic hero is evident from the first act. Like other of Shakespearean plays, the tragic hero, Macbeth, is noble, honourable and highly respected by the general public at the start of the play. Unfortunately Macbeth contributes to his own fate more than what is implied. What seems to be his strengths, backfires and these become his weaknesses. During the play, Macbeths strengths were ambition, courage, and honour. Prior to the murders Macbeth utilised his strengths well and this earned him a new title: Thane of Cawdor. For brave†¦show more content†¦Macbeths kind and passionate nature is easily manipulated by his wife. The witches throughout the play, especially at the start, play an important role as they suggest from their speeches that Macbeth is superstitious. Also their speeches can be interpreted as telling the readers that Macbeths superstitious nature will lead to something fatal. He feels the pressure of his imagination heightening into illusion, like the vision of the dagger which he thinks invites him

Travel And Tourism Industry Of Uk

Question: You are required to write the history and structure of travel and tourism industry. Analyses the post industrial revolution, current, stages of development, fact s. Factors facilitating growth; for example technology, infrastructure, social condition, money, time and the travel services, tourism services, event s , accommodation service, transportations service, visitor attraction, relationship and links etc? Answer: Introduction The Georgian Spa City of Bath is situated in the South Western region of England over the River Avon. It had been a relevant center in times of the Romans. The city is has been flourishing ever since as a medieval town of market and by the time of 18th century, it ended up becoming a famous town for spa and the resort.Tourism has been identified as one of the biggest industry in United Kingdom. This sector helps in the creation of jobs and wealth in the entire nation and can be bringing new lives for communities that are running down. As this industry is extremely important, there are a number of regulatory bodies, policies, and institutes for the facilitation and control of this industry (Wanhill 2003). These authorities are helping to grow the sector of tourism by being sources of funds and other work of promotion that will help in inspiring a number of people for visiting and exploring more areas of the United Kingdom.The sector of tourism has been featured by its continuously inv olved changes. The destinations of tourism in UK are subjected towards highly intensified competition, specifically from the emergence of new tourist destination and by the changes in price, and low amount of cost available for air transport to other destinations all across the globe. There are a number of such factors involved that have been influencing the level of demand and supply in the tourism sector of UK (Liu 2000). This report will be analyzing such factors that have been affecting the supply and demand of tourism sector in UK and how has supply changes for meeting the impact of demand within this industry of UK.The activities of tourism has been considered as a significant tool for the development of economy and provides a number of economic, social and environmental benefits related to those that can be assessed and calculated in an objective manner, and have been serving as a supporting activity for initiating development further ahead. Historical Context Since the start of the 18th century, the activities of globalization has been endowing the city of Bath with the buildings in its classical form within the store of cream lime that have been coming for defining the its distinct feature as a prestigious historical town and being successfully nominated in the World Site of Heritage in the year 1987 (Carey 2010). This World Site of Heritage is a site of 29 square kilometer spreading across majority of the city of Bath. This tourist spot has been becoming highly competitive and there had been more chances that it will be driving in the local context. Iron Age, Post- Roman and Medieval Period The City of Bath in the South Western part of England had been found in the first century AD by the population of Rome who utilized the spot for thermal spa as they considered it as natural hot springs. It had turned into a relevant center for the industry of wool in the period of middle ages, but by the period of the 18th century, it had been established as an elegant city of spa by the reigns of Georgy I, II, and III, being famed in art and literature (Davenport, P. 2002). As reflected by the Georgian City, the aim of many personalities was focused on making Bath as one of the most beautiful cities in the entire continent of Europe, with a harmonious combination of landscape and architecture for enjoying the cure takers of the spa town. Apart from being a city of spa, in the industry of travel and tourism, the city is most preferred for the reflection it provides to the tourists. The city of Bath has been reflecting two very important and great eras in the history of humans: the Georgian and the Romans. It contributes to reflect the appreciation and understanding of the religious and social society developed by the population of Rome (Carey 2010). When the city has been redeveloped in the 18th century, it had been uniquely combines with social history, spatial arrangement and outstanding architecture of urban area in the industry travel and tourism. The Modern Period The local plan for the north eastern part of Somerset and the City of Bath consists of core policy in accordance with the development for tourist activities which would result in causing harm to the qualities for the justification of the inscription of the properties under World Heritage. The core policy focuses on the protection of historical heritage. The landscapes surrounding the area are being protected that has resulted in strengthening the property by adopting the supplementary document of planning. Progress is being made in negotiations with respect to the transfer in managing the main areas of the land from the city of Bath and the council under the north eastern part of the Somerset to the National Trust (Cathy 1995). However, for initiating the activities of tourism, the city has been developed protecting its historical heritage with improved sources of transportation available for the tourists. Structure Travel and Tourism Sector using Georgian Spa city of Bath The biggest economic advantage and opportunity for the historical heritage in the city of Bath is by the activities of tourism. However, there is a lack of clarity in the figures as to how this is affected by the stated of World Heritage Site held by the city of Bath. It has been estimated that the complete value of tourism is approximately 195 million euros for the city of Bath, with the opportunities of 7834 number of actual jobs in relation with tourism (Davenport, P. 2002). This data had been estimated in the year 2007 and currently the value of tourism for the north eastern region of Somerset and Bath has increased by 349 million Euros. The heritage of culture has been identified as the strongest point of attraction for tourists who visit Bath. The city has been rated and ranked in accordance with its attractiveness, ranking its historical building and architecture on top, followed by ambience, atmosphere, history, attractions and compactness (Graham 2000). Majority of the tourists visiting the area are either older or middle aged travelling who travel in the groups of adult only. Approximately 19 per cent of the visitors had been arriving by organized tours and trips in the year 2004. Example: Furthermore, access to transportation is multiple dimensional in nature which means that land and air specifically are connected through various routes. The structure here is complicated in nature. Accommodation for tourists is preferential and luxurious whereas cheap allowing more and more tourists to visit the city. Future Framework in Tourism Industry The proposal made for the future held by the city of Bath is exploring potentially over the spatial framework for the character in future and planning for redeveloping the sites with the appropriate and sustainable utilization of the land area. This particular spatial framework has proposed strong west- east and north- south axes for the creation of a more balances and dynamic flow of activity and movement in the entire center of city (Keane 2007). All across this particular structure, a number of overlapping and loosely themed character regions and urban quarter have been providing suggested. These are responded to and inspired by the principles for the development of vision and the current form in the center of city. Functions of Government in Tourism Sector The hospitality and tourism sector of UK has come in partnership with the government for focusing on the improvement of skills, quality and availability of jobs. The main focus is to boost the organizations performing in this industry. For this purpose and more concentrated focus, a council of tourism has been established by the government that develops and shared best activities and practices for the continuity in thriving the sector of tourism. The council of tourism is a board of employers led by the industry and the major players of the sector under the authorities of the government. The responsibility of the government is to improvise the position for international and national tourist organization by national level government sponsored bodies, British Tourist Authorities and English Tourism Council. International agencies for tourists are inclusive of UNWTO, International civil aviation organization and International air transport association United Nation. The government has been giving it huge importance as the industry of hospitality and tourism is helping in selling Britain that helps in boosting the growth of economy and driving investment with high scope of profitability. This council will help to grow the sector of tourism by being sources of funds and other work of promotion that will help in inspiring a number of people for visiting and exploring more areas of the United Kingdom (Coathup 1999). By the establishment of this council, the government of UK has been providing an opportunity to the industry of hospitality and tourism for equally voicing with the other related sectors that have potential to drive the economy further ahead. This council will also help in increasing the scope of more job opportunities and improved development of skills in the industry. Impact of Economic Policies on Tourism Industry The outlook for travelling to United Kingdom is highly dependent over a number of different factors, majority of which are beyond the scope of being controlled by different legislations. Hence, there are a number of economic policies, in the international and local context for controlling these activities and influencing the industry of tourism in negative as well as positive ways. Certain destinations like Britain have been successful in gaining share of demand all across the globe by both, marketing of destination as well as favorable environment of policy (Coathup 1999). These policies have been marketing and promoting the activities that are highly identified for increasing the awareness of brand, and enhancement of perceptions for the destinations being travelled, and finally leading towards increasing the level of demand all across the globe. Majority of the policies established by the Local bodies of UK and European Union have been focused on strengthening the cohesion of territories, society and economy by the reduction of disparities among the degrees at which UK is being developed. With respect to the industry of tourism in UK, the policy of the region is able to capitalize benefits and advantages for particular regions, for minimizing the differences amongst the economies of the region and the nation (Wanhill 2003). The main aspects of these policies are focused on enhancing the importance of tourism industry in UK. These policies have also been focused on a number of different activities and strategies are being developed and established in accordance with these activities. Implications of Political Changes on Tourism Sector The environment of politics has a major impact on the efficiency and working of the tourism sector, in all nations across the globe, irrespective of their size and area under operations. Factors of political environment that have a major impact on the tourism sector include regulations, laws and policies by the government that are focused on facilitating or hindering the direct strategies of marketing. These factors of politics have been creating opportunities and advantages for the industry of tourism (Coathup 1999). In a converse manner, these have been placing duty and obligation on the industry of tourism. These changes in the political environment include crucial issues like adaptation of restructuring, planning of strategies, management strategies and activities, globalization, creating social capital and development of sustainability as well. These changes also consist of lobbying groups, government agencies and lawful regulation that result in limiting or pressurizing the organizations or individuals in the sector of tourism. These crucial issues have a major impact on the industry of tourism, particularly in UK as the activities of tourism are given huge importance for the development of economy that attracts the focus of every environment on the development of this sector (Dibb Ferrell 2001). The laws and regulations of the national government have been identified as the products or outcomes of the systems of politics. These laws and regulations are originated under the political environment and are a backdrop of socio- culture which have been preceding these particular systems. After being approved from the authorities of politics, these laws and regulations are placed within the settings of the tourism and hospitality industry. The political environment of UK is also responsible for differentiating ethnicity that are centralized with natural odds in the opportunities of being a capitalist. Factors Affecting Tourism Demand in UK The primary factors that affect the demand of tourism are the economic factors which have a wide range involved. Growth in the sectors of European Union, political environment, taxation and other such factors have been affecting the tourism demand in UK that are positive as well as negative (Liu 2000). There has also been a significant change in the attitudes of customers that again have a major impact on the entire industry resulting in the standardization of products, growth in the channels of information and strategies for pricing. There have been an involvement of a number of demographic condition that have resulted in changing their appearance and are now featured as the main focus for online deliberations and online debates. The society includes population of older people with an increase in the expectancy of life and the number of children being born is declining as majority of the population have been showing preferences towards living separately, divorcing and if single, adopting a child from foster homes. There has been a dissolution in the traditional patterns of the family (Witt 2001). There has been an increase in the number of more trips through flight and there has been an increase in the utilization of more operators of tour. Hence, there is clarity in the fact that the changes in the features of demography has been having a major impact over the tourism demand of UK. The orientation of price has been becoming a dominating character as well. The induction of this factor has been done by the strategies presented and implemented within the industry of travel and tourism (Liu 2000). The sale of good quality tours for considerably lower amount of prices with an expectation of higher shares in the market have chances to affect the high rate of turnover with the probability of lower level of profit. But the rank of product quality and convenience with the customers and so the concept of induced orientation of price has continuously been spiral in nature. There is a contingent nature with the alternatives available within the market of tourism. The absence of customers in this industry of tourism will be going nowhere in the market. The tourist destinations in UK have been becoming alerted, switched on, for realizing they have been becoming honestly involved with highly intensified competition. Impact of Change in Supply on Tourism Demand There are two different types of situations that needed action on priority basis. Either there should have been in change in supply for exceeding the level of demand, or the opposite for the level of demand that exceeds supply. In context with the changes in supply for exceeding the level of demand, adoption of strategies had been tailored for meeting the situations or circumstances that arise on seasonal, daily, long term, or weekly basis. With the level of demand being lower, either at specific periods of time or below the level of capacity, there have been a number of strategies being involved (Turner 2006). Diversification and modification of product with adjustments being made in the channels of distribution, if there is a need for strengthening these. A number of different alternatives have been identified and new sources of demand have been identified and discounting of price has been done. The strategy of promotion have been reappraised that are related to the changes in supp ly. Another condition in the change in supply has been considering the need for the reduction of costs as there is no possibility for increasing the desired factors of demand. In context with the change in supply, there has been a reduction in the variable and fixed costs within the hospitality industry. As a significant example, there will not only be a reduction in the availability of rooms but the entire wings or even the entire hotel. In addition to this, this has prevalence within the Caribbean Airlines (Vu 2006). There can be a reduction in the availability of flights as there will be availability only for quota seats or other companies willing to rent these. There has been an increase in the number of more trips through flight and there has been an increase in the utilization of more operators of tour. Hence, there is clarity in the fact that the changes in the features of demography has been having a major impact over the tourism demand of UK. Huge importance is being given to the activities of redistribution as there is no self- sustenance towards the demand for a specific product (Witt 2001). The factors for hotels and accommodations are being converted that might involve fusion of two number of rooms as one or providing different rooms for smokers as well as non- smokers. Economic, Social and Environmental Impact of Travel and Tourism in UK The growth of economy in the sector of travel and tourism is forecasted towards outstripping the broader economy that has made the United Kingdom highly reliable over the entire sector. This particular sector had initiated growth by 1.3 per cent in the year 2012 that is more than twice of the growth rate in the broader economy. This growth rate contributes in depicting that as expected by the industry, this sector will be directly contributing towards 35.6 billion euros and generating approximately 90000 job opportunities for the economy of UK (Choy 2008). Even though this sector has been highly beneficial for the economy of UK, there are a number of negative impacts involved as well. Some of the negative impacts have been listed below (Mill 2009): Leakages in the expenditures beyond the local market or economy Increase in the tendencies or propensities towards the activities of import Costs of opportunity Effects on the activities of displacement High degree of dependency over this industry only Higher values of land and rate of inflation Issues related to seasonality Highly reliable over the expatriate labor Creation of additional or new costs Issues related to investment in foreign capital Each and every item related to the expenditure of tourism in context with theory would be spending on some or the other related project, with a rise in the inevitability of questioning as to what is more relevant. In the similar context, the production of services and goods for the purposes of tourism needs the resources being allocated that could have been utilized for the others (Choy 2008). Displacement can take place when there is occurrence of development in the industry of tourism at the cost of the other related industry. However, even if a new project is being introduced, the customers of other organization are diverted to the new project which does not contribute to adequately sufficient number of new customers for visiting the local destination for tourists for justifying the amount of investment being made. There are a number of challenges involved in the initiation of future growth in the industry of travel and tourism with sustainability in the United Kingdom. Diversification and modification of product with adjustments being made in the channels of distribution, if there is a need for strengthening these (Choy 2008). A number of different alternatives have been identified and new sources of demand have been identified and discounting of price has been done. The strategy of promotion have been reappraised that are related to the changes in supply. The economic growth of UK has been relying highly on the industry of travel and tourism. Whether it is a nation or a town, it will end up being at a vulnerable position in the economy when it comes to being highly dependent over the vigor and health of just a single industry. The application of this is done when the industry being relied upon is the principle industry, ahead of the attraction or destination with an ability for predicting and managing this type of a situation (Mill 2009). With a frequent rise in the amount of prices that include the values of property and land, when there is sustainability in order to build the level of demand with the facilities of tourism. Strategies for Reducing Negative Impacts of Tourism However, all of the above stated issues can be dealt with in a significant manner by the encouragement of investment within the infrastructure of tourism. This can also be done to pave way for having strong government of democracy to run the related affairs. Solutions can be found to the issues and disputes related to land (Diamond 2008). The government has been playing a significantly active role to influence and direct the development of tourism for the enhancement of competitiveness related to the products of tourism being offered. Boosting of the intra travelling of regions should be done by the creation of focus over strong level of demand from the emergence of middle classes within the society. With an increase in the potentiality of each and every market across the globe, there is an increased need for effectively planning tourism by cooperation of private sector in the industry that can assist in the attraction of foreign as well as domestic tourists. Hence, there is clarity in the fact that the changes in the features of demography has been having a major impact over the tourism demand of UK (Inskeep 2008). Huge importance is being given to the activities of redistribution as there is no self- sustenance towards the demand for a specific product. The factors for hotels and accommodations are being converted that might involve fusion of two number of rooms as one or providing different rooms for smokers as well as non- smokers (Mill 2009). The activities of tourism has been considered as a significant tool for the development of economy and provides a number of economic, social and environmental benefits related to those that can be assessed and calculated in an objective manner, and have been serving as a supporting activity for initiating development further ahead. Conclusion The city of Bath has been established for a broad remit and it has been predicated as the plan for the management of historical context for the site. This plan is the one serving to inform and link other programs, policies and strategies for the city of Bath that include those for the utilization of land, education and tourism. This plan has been facilitating the insinuation for the values of cultural heritage into each and every aspect in the urban management of site and daily life. The heritage of culture has been identified as the strongest point of attraction for tourists who visit the city of Bath. The hospitality and tourism sector of UK has come in partnership with the government for focusing on the improvement of skills, quality and availability of jobs. The main focus is to boost the organizations performing in this industry. Certain destinations like Britain have been successful in gaining share of demand all across the globe by both, marketing of destination as well as favorable environment of policy (Burns and Novelli 2007). Factors of political environment that have a major impact on the tourism sector include regulations, laws and policies by the government that are focused on facilitating or hindering the direct strategies of marketing. These factors of politics have been creating opportunities and advantages for the industry of tourism. The primary factors that affect the demand of tourism are the economic factors which have a wide range involved. Growth in the sectors of European Union, political environment, taxation and other such factors have been affecting the tourism demand in UK that are positive as well as negative. In context with the changes in supply for exceeding the level of demand, adoption of strategies had been tailored for meeting the situations or circumstances that arise on seasonal, daily, long term, or weekly basis. Another condition in the change in supply has been considering the need for the reduction of costs as there is no possibility for increasing the desired factors of demand. There are a number of challenges involved in the initiation of future growth in the industry of travel and tourism with sustainability in the United Kingdom. Diversification and modification of product with adjustments being made in the channels of distribution, if there is a need for strengthening these. Each and every item related to the expenditure of tourism in context with theory would be spending on some or the other related project, with a rise in the inevitability of questioning as to what is more relevant. In the similar context, the production of services and goods for the purposes of tourism needs the resources being allocated that could have been utilized for the others. References Carey, P. 2010. "Reviving the Cross Bath," Building Conservation. Retrieved 26 August 2012. Cathy N. 1995. Subjects and Citizens: Nation, Race, and Gender from Oroonoko to Anita Hill, Duke University Press. Davenport, P. 2002. Medieval Bath Uncovered, Stroud: Tempus. pp. 9798. Graham, A. 2000. "Social Decline and Slum Conditions: Irish migrants in Bath's History". Bath History, VIII. Keane, P. 2007. An English County and Education: Somerset, 18891902. The English Historical Review, 88 (347), pp. 286311. Burns, P and Novelli, M. 2007. Tourism and Politics-Global Framework and local Realities, Elsevier, Armsterdam, Netherlands. Coathup, D.C. 1999. "Dominant actors in international tourism", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 11 (2/3), pp. 69-72 Dibb, S. Ferrell, O.C. 2001. Marketing Concepts and Strategies, Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin, Fourth edition, Page 691. Wanhill, S. 2003. Tourism: principles practice, Longman, Harlow, UK. Liu, X. 2000. An empirical study of outbound tourism demand in the UK,Applied Economics, 32, pp. 611-624. Turner, K. 2006. Tourism demand forecasting, Chapter 3, International Handbook on the Economics of Touism, Dwyer, L. and Forsyth, P (Eds.), Edward Elgar, UK. Vu, J.C. 2006. Effect of Demand Volume on Forecasting Accuracy, Tourism Economics, 12, pp. 263-273. Witt, K. 2001. Factors Influencing Demand for International Tourism:Tourism Demand Analysis Using Structural EquationModelling, Revisited, Tourism Economics, 7, pp. 21-38. Choy, D. 2008.The travel industry, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Diamond, J. 2008. Tourism and developmental policy: a quantitive appraisal, Bulletin of Tourism Research, 28(1), pp. 36-50 Inskeep, E. 2008. Tourism planning: an integrated and sustainable development approach, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Mill, R. 2009. Tourism: the international business, Prentice Hall International, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.

Critical Analysis of SHRM Systems

Question: Critically analyse the key strengths and limitations of two SHRM systems covered this trimester that workplaces use to manage their human capital so that the strategic goals of the organisation are met.Draw on your own and others postings in the three weekly forums to support your analysis and demonstrate evidence of critical thinking and analysis supported by your research of your organisationusing academic sources and not just provide a description of HR systems. Answer: Human Resource Management Human Resource Management is defined as a function of an organization which is designed for maximizing the employee performance of an organization to meet the strategic objectives of the organization. It is primarily concerned with the manner in which people are managed and directed in an organization while focusing on the policies and the systems available. HRM departments of organizations are basically responsible for a range of activities which includes employee recruitment, training and development, rewards and recognition, and performance appraisal. It also concerns the industrial relations which balance the practices with the rules and regulations arising out of collective bargaining as well as governmental laws (Coro Strandberg 2009). HRM is a product of human relations movement which started in the initial 20th century when researches had begun documenting the ways in which businesses are creating value through strategic management of their workforce. The functions had been initially dominated by transactional work like payroll and benefits administrations. However, with globalization at its peak, company consolidation, future research backed by technological advancements, HR is now focused towards strategic initiatives such as mergers and acquisitions, succession plans, talent management, industrial labor relations, diversity, etc. All these factors and developments coined the term Strategic Resource Management (CSB 1995). Strategic Human Resource Management Strategic Human Resource Management is defined as integration of HRM processes of an organization which the strategic management processes. In todays dynamic environment in which the business performs its regular operations, SHRM has emerged as a key resource. However, despite being so popular, there have been plenty of theories and researches which have been around. SHRM can also be regarded as an approach for management of human resources which offer strategic framework for supporting long term business goals and objectives. The entire approach revolves around long term people issues as well as macro concerns regarding structure, culture, values, structure, commitments as well as matching the resources for the future requirements (Corwin 2005). Further, it believes that the key for improved business performance that comes with comprehensive coverage of various definitions as well as approaches to HRM is what the strategic HRM focuses on. Some studies have proposed that HRM is a complex process which is constantly evolving along with theories in this particular subject area for ongoing discussions by academics as well as other commentators (Mark Huselid 2006). The following study tries to evaluate the two different theories of SHRM which have been widely popular and debated across sectors. The report offers definition and detailed review about those theories and their derivations. In the later part of the research, there has been a comparison which has been done for both the theories. The two theories under study are: Resource based Model SHRM Competency Model Resource based Model Resource based model is defined as an approach which draws attention towards the strategic value of workforce as well as issues of the organizational learning. It has mostly been said to embrace the soft view of human resource management and its genesis possesses distinctive competence which enables them for performing their competitors. As conceptualized by Penrose in the year 1959, it believes that the firm is a collection of productive resources. She has distinguished between the physical and human resources and drew attention for issues regarding learning which includes knowledge as well as experience of a management team (WLU 2004). She also emphasizes the aspect which many organization theorists had taken for granted which believed that all the organizations are heterogeneous. An extension to this theory was by Barney in 1991 where he had pointed out sustained competitive advantage is not achieved by way of analysis of the external market positions but by careful analysis of th e skills and capabilities of an organizations. The theory argues that the 4 characteristics of resources and capabilities are very important for sustaining competitive advantage which includes value, rarity, inimitability and non-sustainability. Looking it through this perspective collective learning in workplace through managers as well as non-managers for coordinating diverse knowledge and skills by integrating diverse information technology becomes a strategic asset for an organization. The theory further states that there are a range of characteristics which includes inimitability, limited sustainability, overlap with strategic industry factors and scarcity which varies with changes which are relevant set of strategic industry factors. Owing to uncertainty, conflict and complexity, organizations would employ different strategic assets without having a single set being easily imitated (Japss 2010). Managers may devise heuristic solutions for navigating among the range of cognitive as well as affective biases characteristics of the humans and the organizations. Adding further in the research Cappelli and Singh in the year 1992 envisioned a link between business and HRM strategies which was based on mutual recognition of sustainable competitive advantage. They proposed that skilled employees potentially create this advantage for postindustrial organization. Elaborating further it means competitive advantage which arises out of firm specific, valuable resources which are difficult for imitating. Here the significance of HRM demonstrates how, by developing valuable, non-transferable skills and HR impacts positively over the long term organizational performance. In a similar angle, Kamoche in 1996 had argued that when the 2 different dimensions of human resource competencies as well as the organizations core competencies gets aligned; it will be possible for realizing full value of the entire synthesis. John Purcell in 1995 had built upon the theory of Capelli and Singh for offering a pretty optimistic scenario in comparison to the previous studies. The argument as stated by him believed that HRM capacities could make the potential contributions for the strategic HRM policies and implementations (Observator Iorh 2009). As per the theory HR strategies are those strategies which help in avoiding short-term, decentralized financial control. While Strategic HRM is towards development of horizontal long term strategies that put a premium over the basic HRM strategies and emphasizes the intangible, skill transfer and learning which leads towards reduction of the transaction costs. Summarizing the entire study, it can be said that it is important for demonstrating progressive HRM or strategic HRM strategies by the managers for improving the organizational economic performances. The challenges for SHRM are for showing the link between the policies, practices and organizational outcomes which are meaningful for the corporate board (Observator Iorh 2009). Limitations of Resource Based Model of SHRM The term resource based: It appears for meaning different things or different authors. Some competing terms also include distinctive competencies, dynamic capabilities as well as core competencies of an organization. These definitions vary wide range from narrow specific interpretations to broader descriptions which could even be tautological. Moreover, resources are defined as the firm strategies, while firm strengths are further defined as the strategic resources and capability is defined in terms of competence where competence can be defined in terms of capability (SHRM Foundation 2013). The prescriptive message: As per the prescriptive message based on the Theory Y of McGregor, workers have talents which have rarely been fully utilized by any workplace which could further be seen as nothing more than good intentions or whistling in the dark. However, this believe has been questioned by several theorists. Some believe that the perspective of strategic HRM would make the mistake of accusing the matching model which seems to ascribe preeminence of the inside-out perspective of strategy. Further, as per the practitioner literature it warns that it would not be a good idea to ignore strategic relevance of both the internal and external factors and propounds to have a dual focus over the market analysis and the organizational capabilities (UOP 2006). Implicit acceptance of unitary perspective: Another flaw of the resource based SHRM model is the belief that it stems out of implicit acceptance of the unitary perspective of postindustrial workplace where goals get shared and levels of trusts are usually high. Quite similar to the matching model, the profounder of the resource based SHRM perspective tend to omit the dynamics of the workplace trade unionism in a strategic equation. However, researchers typically tend to recognize importance of workers contributions for labor processes, knowledge skills, proactive leadership, synergy, stimulating learning process and encourage innovation. It contradicts the matching approach and is a dynamic mode of strategy. Therefore a comprehensive theory of strategic HRM would be pluralist and further incorporate the worker interests within nexus of an organization. No empirical support: As per the available literature the empirical studies have lagged behind in this particular model of SHRM. Although, the entire analysis has been based on sophisticated theories and believes of macrotheoretic levels, there has been no support of microtheoretic foundations as well as empirical verifications. The basic premises of resource based approach is sustainable competitive advantage or an above average performance which is derived from workplace learning and the ability of the organization to learn quicker for applying it in a better manner as compared with its rivals. It thus makes the training and development of employees an essential component but not a pivotal role. SHRM Competency Model This particular model identifies the meaning of being a successful professional in respect to performance continuum which is evaluated from the early days to the executive days of a career of an individual in a global perspective. The competency model and the resources which have been developed by using it offer the basis for talent management which is spread across the HR lifecycle. SHRM competencies offer support to the HRM professionals as well as the organizations to identify as well as develop a high quality HR practitioner who has critical competencies which are required from the work of the most challenging issues revolving around people management. The entire effort is towards delivery of HR strategies which enable the businesses in evolving for the future (SHRM n.d.). This model is said to comprise 9 different competencies. One of the nine is based on technical competency while the other 8 are focused around behavioral competencies. The different competencies which have been identified are: Human Resource Expertise Relationship Management Consultation Leadership and Navigation Communication Global and Cultural Factors Ethical practices Critical evaluation Business Acumen Each of the competencies mentioned above is applicable for every individual where the evaluation takes place from the early levels of his career and moves through mid-level, senior level and executive level. As per this model it offers different foundational competencies of HR professionals which are required for success. They are: At entry, mid, senior, executive levels In the small, medium the large organizations At public, private, non-profit, and not for profit sectors At organizations having both domestic and multinational operations This model predicts on the belief that knowledge along with behavior is an essential ingredient for offering a continued success to the HR. To elaborate further it can be said that an HR professional needs to initially develop his own foundation of HR knowledge which has to be followed by leadership behaviors exhibited with knowledge which supports the business decisions in regards to people management issues. The entire base along with accompanying behaviors would grow as the manager grows in an organization or his own career. It says that managers start work as a generalist where they touch different faces of HR on each day of their jobs and develop into specialists in different areas such as recruiting. However, when one moves from one position to the other and has more accountability as well as responsibility, they would gain competence and confidence in each of the leadership behaviors which may apply (Farabi 2012). Further coupled with identifying the elements which one needs to know as an HR, SHRM addresses the mentioned competencies at the four stages of any typical HR career. Although, the competencies mentioned is required at each level, they need to be exhibited in a much more sophisticated manner at the later stages. On looking at the visual of this model, people would come to know that at the center is the critical HR core which includes the functions of HR which must be studied and have a level of understanding as and when one enters in the field of work and starts off. Also, no longer it is required for any professional for entering the HR through the back door. As per the theory this field is pretty robust and dynamic which mentions that some kind of schooling is very important. It offers a basis for understanding the technical areas of the field and the different roles one can plan as an HR. Core competencies i.e. HR expertise and practices are the core center of the model which incl udes workforce planning and employment. It is extended to include the HR development, compensation benefits, risk management, Human Resource Technology, Global or IHRM capabilities, change management, talent management,, employee and labor relations, etc. Around all these areas, the leadership behaviors which one develops and uses by the HR lens. It is regarded as a great HR leaders viewing the business they serve. With time they grow in their knowledge of the business, in terms of people management skills, learn of applying the knowledge for situations at hand for arriving at best possible solutions for the level of competence and expertise (Think Wise INC n.d.). An in-depth analysis of the model would show these behavioral competencies stretching HR leaders competencies which one moves through the career as each of them develop into more skilled and refined approach for the world as the whole and solving the problem in particular. Further, each of the competencies come with sub-competencies which define it more specifically. These subs come with stepping stones for understanding the bigger picture of the behavior. Researches have been developing tools in connection to the competency model for SHRM which helps in assessing a manager for developing a unique professional development plan and connecting to the resources for filling the need one may have (Ijhssnet 2012). Developing competencies for gaining HR experience In order to develop these competencies there are a few things which are particularly important: Initially one needs to recognize the importance of each and stay prepared for any opportunity which might come in the way. One would also require to be aware of the strengths and weaknesses. The next step is to get a certification of a management degree where one gets to develop a business case for convincing the business leaders of the fact that you want to continuously grow and learn about the dynamics of the management arena. It can be substituted by attending seminars or conferences which add value to the existing information on management available (RVHRA n.d.). Lastly, knowing that competencies put into the model is pretty complex and developmental, one must be aware that it cannot be learnt quickly. One would need to develop an approach which would develop the concerned individual in the career as an HR. Once an individual becomes more strategic, they would find it easy to know about solutions to these issues (Ituarabic 2007). Benefits of SHRM Competency Model This model offers directional guidance in terms of behavior of individuals at each level and what are the requirements for improving upon those areas. In an environment where the model is properly defined and understood, the measurability would facilitate in differentiating the effective performance from the ones which are average or substandard. The assessment information could be used for benchmarking the management effectiveness among the organizations. These are core competencies which are regarded as critical to business survival and success can be learnt or improved. Limitations of SHRM Competency Model One of the limitation of this model is that it is common to all and broad enough which makes it not specific to any single kind of industry. It is a very good scenario but it is pretty difficult to be implemented. The model can be quite confusing as it is applicable for each level of career development. The variables and the levels of efficiency would need a much detailed description (RVHRA n.d.). Conclusion After evaluating both the models on SHRM it can be said that the models present two different perspectives. While the resource based model offers researched derivations from the perspective of different authors, the competency model lists down the key areas of development for an HR manager in view of the career development. The resource based model is largely focused around offering a guiding path to the manager as well as an organization to lists down the path for achieving and managing resources in a way which integrates strategies of the organization to fall in line and achieve the main goals and objectives (Focusintl 2010). The competency model on the other hand is largely focused around a career development path which intends to develop the skills of a manager while he progresses in his career at different levels of organization. Further, with integrated approach which aligns strategy with the organizational objectives, the people management of an organization is carried out (OC L 2010). In the coming years when the human resources would be the most critical aspect of any organization, the need of better integration of the HRM activities with the strategies would add towards offering a competitive advantage to any organization. It would further help an organization to show the care and focus which it gives to the employees and their needs. This would help in facilitating a better work atmosphere and hence help in increasing the efficiency of the employees. The coming decade would see further derivations and transformations in regards to the SHRM strategies which would change the dynamics of working environment and SHRM policies practiced by any organization. References Coro Strandberg 2009, The Role of Human Resource Management in Corporate Social Responsibility. CSB 1995, Human Resource Management. Corwin 2005, Strategic Human Resource Management. Mark Huselid 2006, Strategic Human Resources Management: Where Do We Go From Here?. WLU 2004, The complex resource based view: Implications for theory and practice in strategic Human resource Management. Japss 2010, The Relation of Strategic Human Resource Practices with Firm Performance. Observator Iorh 2009, Strategic human resource management: The evolution of the field. UOP 2006, Strategic Human Resource Management. SHRM, SHRM Competency Model. Farabi 2012, Using Competency Models to Improve HRM. Think Wise INC, Using a Competency-Based Approach: Linking Core Competencies to your Business Strategy. RVHRA, SHRMs HR Competency Model:A Roadmap for Building Proficiency. SHRM 2004, Performance Management, accessed. SHRM Foundation 2013, Shaping an ethical workplace culture. SHRM Workplace forecast 2009, Workplace culture forecast. Ituarabic 2007, Strategic Human Resource Management. OCL 2010, Models of human resource management. Corwin 2005, Strategic Human Resource Management.

AP English Language Composition Vocab Words Flashcard

AP English Language Composition Vocab Words

Sociological Perspectives Essay Example

Sociological Perspectives Essay Example Sociological Perspectives Paper Sociological Perspectives Paper In this assessment I will be identifying three different social groups and explain how their health may differ from the general population; I will also be using sociological perspectives to discuss different patterns and trends of health and illness. Gender- â€Å"Women live longer but suffer from more health problems in their lifetime, and many are specific to the female gender† Agnes Miles, Women, Health and Medicine. According to the stats, women suffer from more health problems during their lifetime, but men die younger due to their lifestyle. More women than men suffer with chronic sickness, 57% mental hospital disturbances are women, 2/3 of the 4 million populations are disabled women and in general women see doctors more frequently than men, also women are more likely to be admitted for: emotional disturbance; neurotic disorder; depression and senile dementia. The reasons for these stats could be that women have demands of looking after other people’s health such as their children, demands of domestic labour, poor employment conditions, exposure to poor housing and greater exposure to poverty. Women also may have a lot of stress to deal with which could make them ill due to their lifestyle. Men however, may have the same amount of illnesses as women but decide not to visit doctors, nurses etc. due to feeling embarrassed, whereas women do. Men have a shorter life expectancy as they are perceived to live a more dangerous lifestyle than women. Their jobs could be more dangerous than women, such as builders, electricians and fire fighters, where their lives could be at risk. Men also ignore illnesses or symptoms due to feeling too embarrassed to go to the doctors. Men are also perceived to drink and smoke more than women and eat the wrong foods which could take a toll on their health. Functionalists would argue that women are ‘shock absorbers’ in the family, and that they provide all the emotional support to the family but no one realises the effect that it may have on the women. Social Class- Lower social class individuals or families, may have worse health due to the circumstances they live in. Evidence suggests that living in poor housing can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular and respiratory disease as well as to anxiety and depression. Problems such as damp, mould, excess cold and structural defects which increase the risk of an accident also present hazards to health. Lower class people could have decreased health due to the circumstances they live in, these circumstances could be poor housing conditions, which could mean their house could be damp or cold, poor living conditions which could mean the individual or family are unemployed or don’t earn enough money to support their family with food, water, electricity, heat and shelter which would drastically cause problems to their health. Those with low incomes are more likely to suffer from poor mental health and poverty effectively causing or contributing to poor mental health. Observationally, both individual and neighborhood deprivation increase the risk of poor general and mental health. Individuals with mental health problems may have a problem becoming employed as having mental illness has a number of adverse effects on the ability to earn: When unwell, it is more difficult to study and to achieve qualifications. It is more difficult to get a job mental illness carries a heavy social stigma. It is more difficult to hold down a job a person with mental illness may need intermittent and unpredictable time off when the illness needs more intense treatment. Therefore if individuals who live in poverty become ill with physical illness or a mental illness then their chance to become employed would be decreased and their chance to bring themselves out of poverty would be very little. Individuals or families on a low income may also not be able to afford the medical attention they need, therefore if they ever do become ill enough for medical attention or medical advice then they may not be able to afford it. Age- Elderly people may be unhealthier then the rest of the general population simply because of their age. As you get older, your immune system may weaken and the amount of illnesses you get may increase. However, as elderly people have a weakened immune system then they may find it harder to fight off the illness or infection. If elderly people have a trip or fall, then more damage to their body may happen as their bones are weakened, this could lead to serious injury of fatality from a fall. Young child also tend to catch more illnesses then the rest of the general population as their immune system isn’t as strong, however they are more capable to fight off illnesses and infections. Young children also spend a lot of time with other children, therefore infections and diseases spread quickly. Young children also tend to put things in their mouths (such as toys) which could easily be infected and is an easy way for infections to spread.

World Trade Organization College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

World Trade Organization College - Essay Example The impact has, however, been uneven. Developed WTO members have enjoyed expanded imports under GATT/WTO while there has been little impact of WTO membership on imports in developing WTO members. The role of WTO stimulating international trade is paramount, however, from the perspective of empirical evidence and economic models, WTO's role seems to be controversial in some aspects. The transition from the GATT to the WTO was a significant event, though it did not occur abruptly but as a gradual response to evolutionary changes that have occurred since the original agreement was signed in 1947 and have continued even after the transition in 1995 (Barton et al. 2006). The first evolutionary change such change involved the gradual expansion of the membership in the GATT and the WTO. The original 1947 agreement was signed by twenty-three member states. The number grew over the next decades, with the Dillon Round involving 26 states, 62 states in the Kennedy Round, and 123 in the Uruguay Round (Bagwell and Staiger, 2002). The major consequence of this growth has been a shift away from dominance of the trade system by the United States and a rise in dominancy by other states, notably those of the Europe (Barton et al. 2006). The second evolutionary change includes the expanding scope of the GATT... Uruguay Round, from 1986 to 1994, the subjects included tariffs, non-tariff barriers, agriculture, textiles and clothing, intellectual property, as well as ten other topics (O'Brien et al. 2000). ANALYSIS The WTO requires participants to decrease import barriers but there are important reasons to expect membership to influence exports in the same manner. Members participate in the WTO and motivate their join with their comparative advantages and disadvantages (Kelly, 2009). Participants choose industries and economies, to which they provide protection and simultaneously they aim to obtain access for their competitive industries, preferably those having political support (Feenstra, 2004). If members only eased import controls and did not receive broader market access, only few countries would actively pursue membership (Feenstra, 2004). Second, members produce an extensive amount of work, attempt various strategies as well as apply litigation procedures to secure their rights to foreign markets (Kelly, 2009). Practically, WTO's dispute resolution mechanism represents one of the major advantages of the WTO. For many members it provides legitimate procedures to file costly and, what is m ore important, time consuming litigation that their import/export products are not being given their rights under WTO legislation (Bagwell and Staiger, 2002). Third, countries that participate in the WTO have unique opportunity to export to other states while conducting domestic protection (Feenstra, 2004). Practically, this give an opportunity to enjoy the benefits of free trade, and simultaneously adjusting national economies to global trading regime. It is well-accepted that the GATT/WTO's achievements are outstanding, especially in tariff liberalization (Bagwell and Staiger,

Elements of a risk management program Term Paper

Elements of a risk management program - Term Paper Example The American Society for Healthcare Risk Management (ASHRM) established in1980, responded to the probing risk management interest. With time other entities such as those of ambulatory care, long-term care began to implement risk management program since they realized its value (ASHRM, 2009). This paper will analyze ways of presenting a healthcare risk management program to new employees especially, evaluate its acceptance and compliance and suggest recommendations on the same. It will also examine the administration process of management of the program with ASHRM as the case study. Since the world is dynamic, risks also change with passing time, so does the management of risks. Youngberg (1998) holds that with the changing nature of risk management, effective communication lies in the centrality of risk management program. Thus, lines of communication must be open for a successful risk management program. There should be open lines of communication between staff, employees and the team of healthcare professionals as a whole: nursing staff, ancillary staff, administration and medical staff. Education is a very vital element in risk management program of a health care organization. New employees who may not be familiar with the organization’s policies, risk management measures and ways of addressing them would be of dire need of this education more than other employees. However, this does not mean that the rest of the organization’s staff would be cut off. Before the presentation, the risk manager should create a checklist for the program’s objectives; that is what the educator would want the attendee to gain from the program. Another checklist to remind the educator of the administrative issues related to the program should also be established. The risk manager or educator should then hold a mandatory formal meeting that would include both new and other employees of the healthcare organization. The educator’s credibility is essential for

An effective speaker paper comparison critique of 2 famous speeches Essay - 1

An effective speaker paper comparison critique of 2 famous speeches - Essay Example Both speeches were enthralling considering that they were delivered by Presidential candidates. Personally, I was impressed by both speeches because they were towering and very insightful. Both speeches remind us of our struggle and our best qualities, on how we were able to surmount them through hardwork and perseverance. In Obama’s speech, I particularly like the line â€Å"time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction. This is the journey we continue today†. This is very appropriate considering that America was under a crisis and still is struggling to overcome it. Obama also spoke of national unity, â€Å"to end petty grievances and false promises† recognizing that America is shaped by â€Å"every language and culture, drawn from every planet of this earth†. Finally, Obama relate that he is one of the â€Å"People (who) have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers†. Romney’s speech is equally towering. He also spoke of our struggles and offered hope. He enumerated that he knew the struggle of common man by relating â€Å"driving home late from that second job, or standing there watching the gas pump hit 50 dollars and still going, when the realtor told you that to sell your house youd have to take a big loss† was very reflective of the pain of many Americans during the financial crisis. He added â€Å"But what could you do? Except work harder, do with less, try to stay optimistic. Hug your kids a little longer; maybe spend a little more time praying that tomorrow would be a better day† it was indeed a dark moment that Mitt Romney painted emblematic of the American’s struggle

Young People and Sexual Agency in Rural Uganda | Review

Young People and Sexual Agency in Rural Uganda | Review Critical Summary:  Bell, S. A. (2012). Young people and sexual agency in rural Uganda.  Culture, health sexuality,14(3), 283-296. Charles Ncube Summary of paper HIV and AIDS continues to be an ongoing concern in many countries globally and even more so for African countries. Research published in 2012 by Stephen A. Bell, â€Å"Young people and sexual agency in rural Uganda† examines the decision making process leading young Ugandans involvement in sexual relationships, the transactional negotiations and factors that may influence sexual health decision making choices.1 Bells’ research builds on existing literature as it examines how young people’s sexual agency has an impact on their sexual health choices and lifestyles; with the intention of providing health promotion practitioners a more sensible and practical starting point from which to design HIV and sexual health programmes. Bell contextualises his research with a broader framework of â€Å"empowerment†. The research seeks to explain how young people (11 – 24 years old) make choices regarding their sexual behaviour unpacking the type of information available to them, contraceptive knowledge and the stigma attached to sexual activity at an early age.1 Bell’s research inquiry is informed by the theoretical framework of â€Å"individual agency, defined by Petesch, Smulovitz and Walton as the capacity of individuals to make purposeful choices and transform these into desired actions and outcomes†.2 In doing so, Bell discusses the notion of â€Å"sexual agency† to refer to a process where young people become sexually active and the strategies, actions and negotiations involved in navigating broader social expectations. The study design incorporates multiple qualitative methods. The research is conducted in three rural locations in Uganda over 2 years. The methods applied are focus groups and structured interviews. The focus groups sample is drawn from local schools and non-school attendees. From the focus groups purposive sampling is used to then invite participants to participate in the structured interviews. A broad range of topics are discussed including what they liked or disliked about their communities, their social and cultural expectations, home situations, their social networks, economic and social wellbeing, relationships and sex and their aspirations for the future. The 3 key findings reported were: Factors influencing decision making leading to involvement in sexual and intimate relationships; Actions and negotiations within these relationships; and Outcomes arising from sexual agency. 1 Critique The research provides a detailed and rich insight to the decision making process of young people regarding sexual health. In light of this, a more detailed examination that focuses on the generalizability of the findings to a different and diverse population is required. Focus groups (between 8 and 12 participants) are social contexts characterised by the forms of communicative interaction and meaning making found in everyday conversations. 3 The purpose of the focus group is to draw upon the participants’ attitudes, beliefs, feelings experiences and reactions in way not possible using other methods. These attitudes, feelings and beliefs are more likely to be revealed via a social gathering and the interaction which being in a focus group entails.4 Focus groups are flexible in nature, have high face validity and can generate lots of data however there are also limitations to this approach namely, in recording, transcribing and analysing this data which needs to be taken into account. In the case of Bells research the chance of introducing error or bias are particularly high if the discussion has to be translated from the native language to the language of the investigator and this a problem which is significant in multilingual environments. Bells linguistic attributes in the local language is not disclosed nor the language used in the focus group session. Considering the age of some of the participants and the potential cultural influences, free expression is not always possible in a group setting and the group can in fact inhibit discussion. For example, Vlassoff (1987) described a focus-group discussion amongst adolescent girls in India, during which the girls were painfully shy, not wishing to discuss their opinions in front of other people, despite extensive efforts to create a relaxed setting conducive to discussion.5 Other limitations of focus groups are their small samples size as well as being purposively selected. The results from this sample may not allow generalization to larger populations where the research outcomes may be applicable. In addition, as with other qualitative methods, the chances of introducing bias and subjectivity into the interpretation of the data are high.6 While the focus-group discussion can provide plausible insights and explanations, one should not extrapolate from focus group discussions to a broader and heterogeneous population. This tenet may not always be followed. In fact Merton, a key author of focus-group discussions, suggests that â€Å"focus group research is being mercilessly misused as quick-and-easy claims for the validity of the research are not subjected to further, quantitative test†.7 Implications of Position Due to the abovementioned limitations the data gathered may not provide a conclusive guide across other young people populations in similar settings, i.e. Ugandan communities or other countries in the region. This in turn makes it difficult for health promotions agencies to develop and deliver programmes focus on â€Å"safe sexual health† practices targeting the young people aged between 11 and 24 years. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO, 1986) emphases the need to create supportive environments and strengthen community actions.8 What is evident is the need to educate the whole community to facilitate social change. There are multiple theories underpinning community wide approaches to health promotion for example, the three-stage Freirian Praxis Model of change suggests that people engaged in Freirian programs can evolve beyond powerlessness to create a sense of empowerment—that they can make a difference in their worlds.9 Bell reports that young people do know what they are doing in relation to their sexual choices; they are able to articulate their needs and feelings and then act on these. The research provides valuable insight and health promotion programme designers may want to consider how these can be tailored and incorporated to a local context. Further research is required to understand the community at large and the cultural influences that may be barrier to young people accessing timely, accurate and appropriate sexual health information. References: Bell, S. A. (2012). Young people and sexual agency in rural Uganda.Culture, health sexuality,14(3), 283-296. Petesch, P., Smulovitz, C., Walton, M. (2005). Evaluating empowerment: A framework with cases from Latin America.Measuring empowerment: Cross-disciplinary perspectives, 39-67 Barbour, R., Kitzinger, J. (Eds.). (1998).Developing focus group research: politics, theory and practice. Sage. Department of Sociology, University of Surrey, accessed on 25 August 2014, http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU19.html> Vlassoff, C. (1987). Contributions of the micro-approach to social sciences research. Report prepared for IDRC. Khan, M. E., Anker, M., Patel, B. C., Barge, S., Sadhwani, H., Kohle, R. (1991). The use of focus groups in social and behavioural research: some methodological issues.World Health Stat Q,44(3), 145-149 Merton, R. K. (1987). The focussed interview and focus groups: Continuities and discontinuities.Public Opinion Quarterly, 550-566. WHO, (1986), The Ottawa charter for health promotion, accessed on 25 August 2014, http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index1.html> Wallerstein, N., Sanchez-Merki, V. (1994). Freirian praxis in health education: research results from an adolescent prevention program.Health Education Research,9(1), 105-118. Case Study: Sales Planning Operation Case Study: Sales Planning Operation Sales, is the name of the game in many businesses and organizations. To have a successful business you must have profitable sales. In the first phase of this assignment Personal selling is evaluated in depth. Communication mix is described in every aspect of sales by giving examples, selecting two organizations from the market. Identified environmental and managerial forces affecting selling and well described personal selling. In the second phase of the assignment selling process is well described pointing out its principals. Each stage well evaluated and suggestions given in order to make new improvements. In the third phase sales strategies and corporate objectives of selected 2 organizations well explained. Appropriate recruitment and selection procedures devised accordingly. Motivation, remuneration and training is well discussed in this phase. In the fourth phase of this assignment assessed the implications of operating in different sales environment and contexts. Its well evaluated by pointing realistic examples from the current business environment, and assessing theories and techniques. Contents Task 1 Introduction on Sales and Operations Planning Sales and operations planning, sometimes known as aggregate planning, is a process where executive level management regularly meets and reviews projections for demand, supply and the resulting financial impact. SOP is a decision making process that makes certain that tactical plans in every business area are in line with the overall view of the companys business plan. The overall result of the SOP process is that a single operating plan is created that identifies the allocation of company resources, including time, money and employees. Sales and operations planning is an integrated business management process through which the executive/leadership team continually achieves focus, alignment and synchronization among all functions of the organization. The SOP plan includes an updated sales plan, production plan, inventory plan, customer lead time (backlog) plan, new product development plan, strategic initiative plan and resulting financial plan. Plan frequency and planning horizon depend on the specifics of the industry. Short product life cycles and high demand volatility require a tighter SOP planning as steadily consumed products. Done well, the SOP process also enables effective supply chain management. A properly implemented Sales and operations planning process routinely reviews customer demand and supply resources and re-plan quantitatively across an agreed rolling horizon. The re-planning process focuses on changes from the previously agreed sales and operations plan. While it helps the management team to understand how the company achieved its current level of performance, its primary focus is on future actions and anticipated results. Companies that have an integrated business management process use the SOP process to monitor the execution of the companys strategies. Main Elements of Communication Mix. Marketing Communication Mix is the Promotion of the Marketing Ps and covers every method and medium of communicating with your target audience. In many ways, the marketing communication mix is the heart of the marketing strategy around which everything else in sales and marketing is predicated. If business consists of creating value and creating customers, Marketing Communication covers exactly how you are going to create customer by taking your value message to the market. Advertising Any paid form of nonperson presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. Personal selling Personal presentation by the firms sales force for the purpose of making sales and building customer relationships. Sales promotion Short-term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. Public relations Building good relationships with the companys various publics by obtaining favorable publicity, building up a good corporate image, and handling or heading off unfavorable rumors, stories, and events. Direct marketing Direct communications with carefully targeted individual consumers to obtain an immediate response and cultivate lasting customer relationships. (http://marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-personal-selling.html) Advertising This is the mass media method of marketing communication and provides exposure to the largest, most geographically dispersed audience at the lowest cost per head. That being said, advertising costs can add up quickly with mediums like television, radio and even online advertising which can be prohibitively expensive for many businesses. Other traditional forms of paid advertising include newspapers and magazines, the Yellow Pages, billboards, signs and posters. As well, advertising on buses, benches, gas pumps and even public restrooms is in vogue today. Basically, any medium which provides an opportunity to target eyes and/or ears can be a venue for advertising and you can see examples of successful promotion in the most unlikely places. Direct Marketing This marketing communication competency enables companies to reach out directly to consumers without intermediary channels such as those required for advertising. This component of the marketing communication process includes direct mail, catalogs, coupons and inserts, telemarketing, online marketing and television infomercials. Done correctly, Direct Marketing is extremely effective in the long run and allows for a targeted marketing approach to specific consumers to create valuable lasting relationships. Direct Marketing is the marketing communication method that enables companies to interact with a relatively large number of customers and encourage a call to action or most wanted response which is usually a purchase. The downside of Direct Marketing is that it is usually unsolicited and seen as a nuisance by the general public. Telemarketing, e-mail spamming and junk mail are universally despised and so Direct Marketing tools should be used with thought and caution. Personal Selling This is the most dreaded as well as the most expensive of all methods in the marketing communication process. However, if you are a small business owner or otherwise have the ability to personally sell and build relationships with customers, it can be one of the most rewarding aspects of the marketing process, both personally and professionally. Just as with traditional marketing, successful selling begins and ends with the customer. The whole objective is to ascertain needs and create the best solution for customers. Along the way you build relationships and continue to gather information about how you can better serve customers which is your reason for being in business in the first place. Sales and marketing are fundamental to the survival of any business and both involve creating customers for the business value you have created. The former targets one person (or entity) whereas the latter targets many. Both engage, inform and persuade through a variety of communicational tools. Aligning both will increase your success regardless of conditions. Successful sales and successful marketing both begin with an attitude and that attitude is customers first Public Relations This refers to how you handle your relationships and the flow of information with your various publics or the people who have a stake in or are affected by your business. This includes the general public, consumers, shareholders, employees, partners, competitors and the government. PR becomes a more and more crucial element of the marketing communication mix as a business or organization grows larger. That being said, it is still a vital component of the marketing communication process to think about for smaller businesses as well. PR tools include press and media releases, lobbying, charitable and public events, advertorials, financial reports, promotional collateral, facility tours, sponsorships, interviews and any other method for the promotion of a positive image to people. Being people conscious starts with the individual and carries through to the organization. Once again, people buy from people at the end of the day and the most successful people and organizations are those that benefit other people the most. As with many facets of sales and marketing, PR also has a good and bad side. The good side of PR is fostering socially conscious business practices whereas the bad side is epitomized in shady political lobbying, spin doctors and so forth that divert from the truth as opposed to promote it. Suffice it to say that in todays connected world, more than ever, any sized organization needs to be cognizant that it operates within the larger framework of society and has corresponding responsibilities. Sales Promotion This is the last traditional component of the marketing communication mix that is discussed here as part of the marketing communication process. Sales promotion simply refers to purchase incentives that you provide your customer with. These can assume a number of forms including offering free goods or services, coupons and vouchers, gifts and prizes, discounts, samples, financial incentives, charitable promotions and any other value-add over and above your standard product or services. Sales Promotions are generally short-lived, one off incentives intended to provide consumers with that last push to buy. The main takeaway is that regardless of the size and type of your business, you should continually look at ways in which to create additional value for customers. Your customers will appreciate it and, in facts, customers have been shown to pay premium prices for real value and real service. Role of Personal Selling on my Selected Organization Personal selling is all about Delivery of a specially designed message to a prospect by a seller, usually in the form of face-to-face communication, personal correspondence, or a personal telephone conversation. Unlike advertising, a personal sales message can be more specifically targeted to individual prospects and easily altered if the desired behavior does not occur. Personal selling, however, is far more costly than advertising and is generally used only when its high expenditure can be justified. For example, the marketing of a sophisticated computer system may require the use of personal selling, while the introduction of a new product to millions of consumers would not. Two other forms of personal selling that are not used with high-end products are door-to-door selling and home demonstration parties. These two personal selling methods are primarily used for personal care products, cosmetics, cookware, encyclopedias, books, toys, food, and other items of special interest to h omemakers. Ideally, personal selling should be supported by advertising to strengthen its impact. (http://www.davedolak.com/promix.htm) Buyer behavior in relation with personal selling If a marketer can identify consumer buyer behavior, he or she will be in a better position to target products and services at them. Buyer behavior is focused upon the needs of individuals, groups and organizations. It is important to understand the relevance of human needs to buyer behavior (remember, marketing is about satisfying needs) Lets look at human motivations as introduced by Abraham Maslow by his hierarchy of needs: The hierarchy is triangular. This is because as you move up it, fewer and fewer people satisfy higher level needs. We begin at the bottom level. Physiological needs such as food, air, water, heat, and the basic necessities of survival need to be satisfied. At the level of safety, man has a place to live that protects him from the elements and predators. At the third level we meet our social and belongingness needs i.e. we marry, or join groups of friends, etc. The final two levels are esteem and self-actualisation. Fewer people satisfy the higher level needs. Esteem means that you achieve something that makes you recognised and gives personal satisfaction, for example writing a book. Self-actualisation is achieved by few. Here a person is one of a small number to actually do something. For example, Neil Armstrong self-actualised as the first person to reach the Moon. The model is a little simplistic but introduces the concept a differing consumer needs quite well. (http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_stimulus_model.asp) In the above model, marketing and other stimuli enter the customers black box and produce certain responses. Marketing management must try to work out what goes on the in the mind of the customer the black box. The Buyers characteristics influence how he or she perceives the stimuli; the decision-making process determines what buying behavior is undertaken. Union International Accessories (Pvt) Ltd Union International Accessories (Pvt) Ltd has been in the garment accessories business since 1993 in collaboration with M. Y. Company in Hong Kong. Together they have earned a reputation of being a reliable supplier of the highest quality of all kinds of garment accessories. Union International supply all kinds of regular items such as zippers, buttons, threads, elastics, webbings, draw-codes, stoppers, buckles, eyelets, fashion belts etc, to more sophisticated trims such as rhinestones, rhinestuds, motifs, sequin patches, glitter belts, rubber badges, heat transfer glass beads and so on. Union International work directly with as many as five zipper plants in the World. This gives us the edge over many of our competitors placing us in a very strong position to offer better and faster deliveries for any type of original zippers that is required by our customer. Union International have an extensive customer base in Sri Lanka and other countries such as India, Bangladesh, Nepal, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar, Egypt, Jordan, USA, UK, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Vietnam and Malaysia. We have developed and built a strong lasting business relationship with all our customers through our dedicated, conscientious, reliable and personalized service rendered throughout the years. Some prestigious names our customers process orders for include Wal-Mart, Gap, Tesco, London Fog, Primark, Debenhams, Marks and Spencers, Abercombie and Fitch, Liz Clairborne, Dillards, Ralph Lauren, May Department, Columbia, Target Stores and so on (http://www.union-myco.com/contact_us.html) B2B Selling B2B is contemporary shorthand for a longtime sales practice called business-to-business. B2B transactions primarily target companies and other wholesale buyers, while transactions targeting individuals are called B2C, or business-to-customer. Many organizations have both B2B and B2C components, but its not unusual for a company to specialize in B2B services or sales. In fact, the vast majority of products and services sold are considered to be B2B in nature. Union International is in garment Accessories based business and most of the time the organization deal with the Garment Factories by supplying them the accessories which needed to complete the final garment product. 99% of Union internationals business is to the manufactures, not to the final Customers. One major reason for the popularity of B2B sales and services is sheer volume. An individual customer may visit a clothing manufacturers website catalog and order two pairs of shoes or a sweater. The buyer for a national chain of clothing stores, however, may order 5,000 pairs of shoes and 2,000 sweaters. Without a B2B component, the manufacturer would have lost out on a very lucrative sale. This is why many companies provide B2B options alongside the B2C offerings at their websites and other outlets. B2B sales are also generated by providing a specialized product line or service not available to the general public. This form of B2B transaction is very common in the manufacturing world. A company which produces shaving cream in cans, for example, may need a specific plastic nozzle. Several plastic injection molding companies would send sales representatives to pitch their particular designs. These nozzles would be useless for individual customers, but a manufacturer may order thousands of them. Union International is in garment Accessories based business and most of the time the organization deal with the Garment Factories by supplying them the accessories which needed to complete the final garment product. 99% of Union internationals business is to the manufactures, not to the final Customers B2B Focus on Relationship driven Maximize the value of the relationship Small, focused target market Multi-step buying process, longer sales cycle Brand identity created on personal relationship Educational and awareness building activities Rational buying decision based on business value B2C Selling B2C. A transaction that occurs between a company and a consumer, as opposed to a transaction between companies (called B2B). The term may also describe a company that provides goods or services for consumers. Union International does is business only to Manufactures but not to customers directly. Product driven Maximize the value of the transaction Large target market Single step buying process, shorter sales cycle Brand identity created through repetition and imagery Merchandising and point of purchase activities Emotional buying decision based on status, desire, or price The personal selling process consists of the following steps: 1) Prospecting Prospecting refers to identifying and developing a list of potential clients. Sales people can seek the names of prospects from a variety of sources including trade shows, commercially-available databases or mail lists, company sales records and in-house databases, website registrations, public records, referrals, directories and a wide variety of other sources. Prospecting activities should be structured so that they identify only potential clients who fit the profile and are able, willing and authorized to buy the product or service. This activity is greatly enhanced today using websites with specially-coded pages optimized with key words so that prospects may easily find you when they search the web for certain key words related to your offering. Once prospecting is underway, it then is up to the sales professional to qualify those prospects to further identify likely customers and screen out poor leads. Modern websites can go along way in not only identifying potential prospects but also starting this qualification process. 2) Pre-approach Before engaging in the actual personal selling process, sales professionals first analyze all the information they have available to them about a prospect to understand as much about the prospect as possible. During the Pre-approach phase of the personal selling process, sales professionals try to understand the prospects current needs, current use of brands and feelings about all available brands, as well as identify key decision makers, review account histories (if any), assess product needs, plan/create a sales presentation to address the identified and likely concerns of the prospect, and set call objectives. The sales professional also develops a preliminary overall strategy for the sales process during this phase, keeping in mind that the strategy may have to be refined as he or she learns more about the prospect. 3) Approach The approach is the actual contact the sales professional has with the prospect. This is the point of the selling process where the sales professional meets and greets the prospect, provides an introduction, establishes rapport that sets the foundation of the relationship, and asks open-ended questions to learn more about the prospect and his or her needs. 4) Making the Presentation During the presentation portion of the selling process, the sales professional tells that product story in a way that speaks directly to the identified needs and wants of the prospect. A highly customized presentation is the key component of this step. At this point in the process, prospects are often allowed to hold and/or inspect the product and the sales professional may also actually demonstrate the product. Audio visual presentations and/or slide presentations may be incorporated at this stage and this is usually when sales brochures or booklets are presented to the prospect. Sales professionals should strive to let the prospect do most of the talking during the presentation and address the needs of the prospect as fully as possible by showing that he or she truly understands and cares about the needs of the prospect. 5) Overcoming Objections Professional sales people seek out prospects objections in order to try to address and overcome them. When prospects offer objections, it often signals that they need and want to hear more in order to make a fully-informed decision. If objections are not uncovered and identified, then sales professionals cannot effectively manage them. Uncovering objections, asking clarifying questions, and overcoming objections is a critical part of training for professional sellers and is a skill area that must be continually developed because there will always be objections. Trust me when I tell you that as soon as a sales professional finds a way to successfully handle all his or her prospects objections, some prospect will find a new, unanticipated objection if for no other reason than to test the mettle of the sales person. 6) Closing the Sale Although technically closing a sale happens when products or services are delivered to the customers satisfaction and payment is received, for the purposes of our discussion I will define closing as asking for the order and adequately addressing any final objections or obstacles. There are many closing techniques as well as many ways to ask trial closing questions. A trail question might take the form of, Now that Ive addressed your concerns, what other questions do you have that might impact your decision to purchase? Closing does not always mean that the sales professional literally asks for the order, it could be asking the prospect how many they would like, what color they would prefer, when they would like to take delivery, etc. Too many sales professions are either weak or too aggressive when it comes to closing. If you are closing a sale, be sure to ask for the order. If the prospect gives an answer other than yes, it may be a good opportunity to identify new objections and co ntinue selling. 7) Follow-up Follow-up is an often overlooked but important part of the selling process. After an order is received, it is in the best interest of everyone involved for the sales person to follow-up with the prospect to make sure the product was received in the proper condition, at the right time, installed properly, proper training delivered, and that the entire process was acceptable to the customer. This is a critical step in creating customer satisfaction and building long-term relationships with customers. If the customer experienced any problems whatsoever, the sales professional can intervene and become a customer advocate to ensure 100% satisfaction. Diligent follow-up can also lead to uncovering new needs, additional purchases, and also referrals and testimonials which can be used as sales tools. Impact on Personal Selling TASK 2 Task 3 Sales manager Job description and activities Sales managers organize, motivate and lead sales teams in a wide range of sectors, including pharmaceuticals, fast moving consumer goods (FMCGs) and finance. They are responsible for the combined performance of the team and for ensuring that everyone within their team reaches their targets. They may set the targets themselves or receive them from the sales director. They may also operate incentive schemes that motivate members of their team to reach or exceed sales targets. Typically, sales managers direct a companys sales program. They assign sales territories, set goals, and establish training programs for their sales representatives. Sales managers may also advise their sales representatives on ways to improve their sales performance achieve goals and obtain expected quotas. Whilst management structures vary significantly between companies and sectors, most sales managers will be responsible either for specific geographical areas (area sales managers) and/or particular products, or for specific types of customer. Sales managers will usually be responsible for: recruiting and training sales staff; supervising, motivating and monitoring team performance; allocating areas to sales executives; setting budgets/targets; liaising with other line managers; reporting back to senior managers; liaising with customers (which may include actual selling); maintaining detailed knowledge of the companys products or services; Keeping abreast of what competitors are doing. Depending on the culture of the company and level of seniority within it, sales managers may also be involved with product development, identification of new business opportunities and the development of marketing strategies. (http://ww2.prospects.ac.uk/p/types_of_job/sales_manager_job_description.jsp) Expected Tasks form a Sales manager in a Organizations Point of view Single point of contact: In fact, the sales manager is the single point of contact for all the salesmen when it comes to any questions and queries about the product or the company. Team leader: The sales manager can generally be termed as the team leader for the sales team and should have all the qualities that a team leader would have. Team person: The sales manager should be a team person, who understands any differences that crop in his or her team and work towards solving them in an amicable and quick manner. Strong sales background: Other than these internal qualities, the sales manager should have a strong sales background and should be able to lead his or team from the front with their sales expertise and talents. Hiring the new sales executives: The sales manager is also expected to hire the new sales executives. Therefore, the sales manager should be experienced and equipped enough to judge a person whether they can be good in sales or not. The one issue with sales is that sales is an inborn quality. Of course, having a business administration does help, but still, some people just have it in them to sell a product. As a sales manager, you should know how to recognize that. Sales Manager Qualities Sales management is one of the most challenging balancing acts in all the business world. Good sales management is worth its weight in gold. To fully view the valuable products of good sales management, one must go beyond the high gross figures and stout net profits being rung up at the register. Good sales management is also marked by a sales force which is flourishing and prospering, and a customer base which is satisfied beyond expectation. When a sales force has a good sales manager, they not only produce well and stably, but they tend to stay loyal and stay long. What are the distinguishing qualities of good sales management? A good sales manager motivates and leads the sales force, while at the same time seeing to it that the goals and purposes of the sales organization and its ownership are being met. Sales management at its best executes command intention, when he sees that the marching orders will indeed produce the effects that ownership and management intend it to, and queries the orders when he considers that those orders would actually get in the way of their own goals. A good sales manager commands with authority, but in a way that draws respect rather than contempt. A good sales manager corrects poor attitude with skill and understanding, at the level of firmness required by the circumstances at hand. A good sales manager continues to become more and more expert on the theory and application of all five steps of a sale, as detailed in the book, HOW TO SELL Clear and Simple, and guides his sales force in the successful use of these steps. A good sales manager effectively uses his knowledge of the five-step procedure as his primary tool for improve poor performance. And a good sales manager sets real, though challenging goals and then does everything necessary to assist all concerned to reach and exceed those goals. If a salesman were ambitious and was looking for one of the most demanding, and most rewarding challenges in the world of business, he would do well to aspire to become a part of sales management. (http://www.evancarmichael.com/Sales/452/What-Makes-a-Great-Sales-Manager.html) Reduce turnover by hiring smart instead of often. Establish compensation plans that drive sales and profits. Develop sales systems that facilitate consistent sales results. Coach and train your sales team toward service-minded selling. Provide motivation, recognition and accountability. Increase sales and profits to the type of customer you prefer. Relieve you from sales management responsibility. Human resource functions Handled by Sales Manager The sales manager is also responsible for some of the functions handled by the Human resource as the sales manager is the person who will be working with the selected employee so he will make sure that he also takes part in each function and make sure no mistake is made and below are some functions which the sales manager will involve in the HR handlesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Recruitment and selection Employing the right person has the potential to, in the long run, save you thousands of dollars. Clearly the right initial choice will save money by reducing turnover but there are many other costs involved, some less quantifiable than others. Most sales managers agree that they cannot afford even one non-productive team member, yet most managers have their own horror stories regarding troublesome or struggling employees. This highlights the importance of recruitment and selection of sales people. Various practices can and should be employed to best avoid the unenviable situation of having hired the wrong person for the job. Eg: Company Union International Accessories used to involve the sales manger when recruiting and selecting the person inorder to make surer that he has the right person in his team Motivation In motivating people only the HR cannot take its own decision as the sales managers involvement will be very important in this function as he knows very well how each employee had been working and who the appropriate person to be promoted is. In case this decision is taken only by the HR it might not be accurate so to avoid such problems the sales manager will be involved in this function. Eg: the sales manager of Union International Accessories is involved when any motivation program organized by HR to make sure there is no mistake in the decisio